Problems for Chapter 4

 

Solution to Simple Problems

 

 

 

4.4.  Simple Dynamic Problems for Elastic Solids

 

 

4.4.1.      Calculate longitudinal and shear wave speeds in (a) Aluminum nitride; (b) Steel; (d) Aluminum and (e) Rubber.

 

4.4.2.      A linear elastic half-space with Young’s modulus E and Poisson’s ratio ν MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabe27aUbaa@3240@  is stress free and stationary at time t=0¸ is then subjected to a constant pressure p 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadchadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaaaaa@3263@  on its surface for t>0.

4.4.2.1.            Calculate the stress, displacement and velocity in the solid as a function of time

4.4.2.2.            Calculate the total kinetic energy of the half-space as a function of time

4.4.2.3.            Calculate the total potential energy of the half-space as a function of time

4.4.2.4.            Verify that the sum of the potential and kinetic energy is equal to the work done by the tractions acting on the surface of the half-space.

 

4.4.3.      The surface of an infinite linear elastic half-space with Young’s modulus E and Poisson’s ratio ν MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabe27aUbaa@3240@  is subjected to a harmonic pressure on its surface, given by p(t)= p 0 sinωt MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadchacaGGOaGaamiDaiaacMcacqGH9a qpcaWGWbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaicdaaeqaaOGaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbGa eqyYdCNaamiDaaaa@3C58@  t>0, with p=0 for t<0

4.4.3.1.            Calculate the distribution of stress, velocity and displacement in the solid.

4.4.3.2.            What is the phase difference between the displacement and pressure at the surface?

4.4.3.3.            Calculate the total work done by the applied pressure in one cycle of loading.

 

4.4.4.      A linear elastic solid with Young’s modulus E Poisson’s ratio ν MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabe27aUbaa@3240@  and density ρ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeg8aYbaa@3248@  is bonded to a rigid solid at x 1 =a MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadIhadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccq GH9aqpcaWGHbaaaa@3462@ .  Suppose that a plane wave with displacement and stress field

u 2 ( x 1 ,t)={ (12ν)(1+ν) (1ν) σ 0 E ( c L t x 1 ) x 1 < c L t 0 x 1 > c L t MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFKI8FfYJH8sipiYdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbb a9q8WqFfeaY=biLkVcLq=JHqpepeea0=as0Fb9pgeaYRXxe9vr0=vr 0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaadwhadaWgaa WcbaGaaGOmaaqabaGccaGGOaGaamiEamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaa kiaacYcacaWG0bGaaiykaiabg2da9maaceaabaqbaeqabiqaaaqaam aalaaabaGaaiikaiaaigdacqGHsislcaaIYaGaeqyVd4Maaiykaiaa cIcacaaIXaGaey4kaSIaeqyVd4MaaiykaaqaaiaacIcacaaIXaGaey OeI0IaeqyVd4MaaiykaaaadaWcaaqaaiabeo8aZnaaBaaaleaacaaI WaaabeaaaOqaaiaadweaaaGaaiikaiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaamitaa qabaGccaWG0bGaeyOeI0IaamiEamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiaa cMcacaaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaG PaVlaadIhadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccqGH8aapcaWGJbWaaSba aSqaaiaadYeaaeqaaOGaamiDaaqaaiaaicdacaaMc8UaaGPaVlaayk W7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPa VlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8 UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7 caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVl aaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8Ua aGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7ca aMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaa ykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaG PaVlaadIhadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccqGH+aGpcaWGJbWaaSba aSqaaiaadYeaaeqaaOGaamiDaaaaaiaawUhaaaaa@D95C@               σ 11 ={ σ 0 x 1 < c L t 0 x 1 > c L t MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFKI8FfYJH8sipiYdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbb a9q8WqFfeaY=biLkVcLq=JHqpepeea0=as0Fb9pgeaYRXxe9vr0=vr 0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiabeo8aZnaaBa aaleaacaaIXaGaaGymaaqabaGccqGH9aqpdaGabaqaauaabeqaceaa aeaacqGHsislcqaHdpWCdaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaGccaaMc8UaaG PaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaadIhadaWg aaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccqGH8aapcaWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadYeaae qaaOGaamiDaaqaaiaaicdacaaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPa VlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8 UaamiEamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiabg6da+iaadogadaWgaaWc baGaamitaaqabaGccaWG0baaaaGaay5Eaaaaaa@6B1D@

is induced in the solid, and at time t= x 1 /a MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadshacqGH9aqpcaWG4bWaaSbaaSqaai aaigdaaeqaaOGaai4laiaadggaaaa@360E@  is reflected off the interface.   Find the reflected wave, and sketch the variation of stress and velocity in the elastic solid just before and just after the reflection occurs.

 

4.4.5.      Consider the plate impact experiment described in Section 4.4.8

4.4.5.1.            Draw graphs showing the stress and velocity at the impact face of the flyer plate as a function of time.

4.4.5.2.            Draw graphs showing the stress and velocity at the rear face of the flyer plate as a function of time

4.4.5.3.            Draw graphs showing the stress and velocity at the mid-plane of the flyer plate as a function of time

4.4.5.4.            Draw a graph showing the total strain energy and kinetic energy of the system as a function of time. Verify that total energy is conserved.

4.4.5.5.            Draw a graph showing the total momentum of the flyer plate and the target plate as a function of time.  Verify that momentum is conserved.

 

 

 

4.4.6.      In a plate impact experiment, two identical elastic plates with thickness h, Young’s modulus E, Poisson’s ratio ν MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=vi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabe27aUbaa@3220@ , density ρ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeg8aYbaa@3248@  and longitudinal wave speed c L MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=vi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaamitaaqabaaaaa@324D@  are caused to collide, as shown in the picture.   Just prior to impact, the projectile has a uniform velocity v 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=vi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadAhadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaaaaa@3249@ .   Draw the (x,t) diagram for the two solids after impact.  Show that the collision is perfectly elastic, in the terminology of rigid body collisions, in the sense that all the energy in the flyer is transferred to the target.

 

 

 

 

 

4.4.7.      In a plate impact experiment, an elastic plates with thickness h, Young’s modulus E, Poisson’s ratio ν MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=vi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabe27aUbaa@3220@ , density ρ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeg8aYbaa@3248@  and longitudinal wave speed c L MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=vi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaamitaaqabaaaaa@324D@  impacts a second plate with identical elastic properties, but thickness 2h, as shown in the picture.   Just prior to impact, the projectile has a uniform velocity v 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=vi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadAhadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaaaaa@3249@ .   Draw the (x,t) diagram for the two solids after impact. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.4.8.      A “ Split-Hopkinson bar” or “Kolsky bar” is an apparatus that is used to measure plastic flow in materials at high rates of strain (of order 1000/s).  The apparatus is sketched in the figure.  A small specimen of the material of interest, with length a<<d, is placed between two long slender bars with length d.  Strain gages are attached near the mid-point of each bar.  At time t=0 the system is stress free and at rest.  Then, for t>0 a constant pressure p is applied to the end of the incident bar, sending a plane wave  down the bar. This wave eventually reaches the specimen.  At this point part of the wave is reflected back up the incident bar, and part of it travels through the specimen and into the second bar (known as the ‘transmission bar’).

 

The history of stress and strain in the specimen can be deduced from the history of strain measured by the two strain gages.  For example, if the specimen behaves as an elastic-perfectly plastic solid, the incindent and reflected gages would record the data shown in the figure.  The goal of this problem is to calculate a relationship between the measured strains and the stress and strain rate in the specimen.  Assume that the bars are linear elastic with Young’s modulus E and density ρ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeg8aYbaa@3248@ , and wave speed c B E/ρ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaamOqaaqabaGccq GHijYUdaGcaaqaaiaadweacaGGVaGaeqyWdihaleqaaaaa@3776@ , and that the bars deform in uniaxial compression. 

4.4.8.1.            Write down the stress, strain and velocity field in the incident bar as a function of time and distance down the bar in terms of the applied pressure p and relevant material and geometric parameters, for t<d/ c B MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadshacqGH8aapcaWGKbGaai4laiaado gadaWgaaWcbaGaamOqaaqabaaaaa@35FC@ .

4.4.8.2.            Assume that the waves reflected from, and transmitted through, the specimen are both plane waves.  Let ε R MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabew7aLnaaBaaaleaacaWGsbaabeaaaa a@3332@  and ε T MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabew7aLnaaBaaaleaacaWGubaabeaaaa a@3334@  denote the compressive strains in the regions behind the reflected and transmitted wave fronts, respectively.  Write down expressions for the stress and velocity behind the wave fronts in both incident and transmitted bars in terms of ε R MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabew7aLnaaBaaaleaacaWGsbaabeaaaa a@3332@  and ε T MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabew7aLnaaBaaaleaacaWGubaabeaaaa a@3334@ , for 2d/ c B >t>d/ c B MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaaikdacaWGKbGaai4laiaadogadaWgaa WcbaGaamOqaaqabaGccqGH+aGpcaWG0bGaeyOpa4Jaamizaiaac+ca caWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadkeaaeqaaaaa@3B45@

4.4.8.3.            The stress behind the reflected and transmitted waves must equal the stress in the specimen.  In addition, the strain rate in the specimen can be calculated from the relative velocity of the incident and transmitted bars where they touch the specimen.   Show that the strain rate in the specimen can be calculated from the measured strains as ( ε I ε R ε T ) c L /a MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaacIcacqaH1oqzdaWgaaWcbaGaamysaa qabaGccqGHsislcqaH1oqzdaWgaaWcbaGaamOuaaqabaGccqGHsisl cqaH1oqzdaWgaaWcbaGaamivaaqabaGccaGGPaGaam4yamaaBaaale aacaWGmbaabeaakiaac+cacaWGHbaaaa@3F58@ , while the stress in the specimen can be calculated from σ=E ε T MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeo8aZjabg2da9iaadweacqaH1oqzda WgaaWcbaGaamivaaqabaaaaa@36C7@ .

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.4.9.      In a plate impact experiment, two plates with identical thickness h, Young’s modulus E, Poisson’s ratio ν MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=vi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabe27aUbaa@3220@  are caused to collide, as shown in the picture.  The target plate has twice the mass density of the flyer plate. Find the stress and velocity behind the waves generated by the impact in both target and flyer plate.  Hence, draw the (x,t) diagram for the two solids after impact. 

 

 

 

 

4.4.10.  In a plate impact experiment, two plates with identical thickness h, Young’s modulus E, Poisson’s ratio ν MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=vi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabe27aUbaa@3220@ , and density ρ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeg8aYbaa@3248@  are caused to collide, as shown in the picture.  The flyer plate has twice the mass density of the target plate. Find the stress and velocity behind the waves generated by the impact in both target and flyer plate.  Hence, draw the (x,t) diagram for the two solids after impact. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.4.11.  The figure shows a pressure-shear plate impact experiment. A flyer plate with speed v 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadAhadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaaaaa@3269@  impacts a stationary target. Both solids have identical thickness h, Young’s modulus E, Poisson’s ratio ν MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=vi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabe27aUbaa@3220@ , density ρ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeg8aYbaa@3248@  and longitudinal and shear wave speeds c L MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=vi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaamitaaqabaaaaa@324D@  and c S MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=vi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaam4uaaqabaaaaa@3254@ .    The faces of the plates are inclined at an angle θ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeI7aXbaa@323E@  to the initial velocity, as shown in the figure.  Both pressure and shear waves are generated by the impact. Let { e 1 , e 2 } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaacUhacaWHLbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdaae qaaOGaaiilaiaahwgadaWgaaWcbaGaaGOmaaqabaGccaGG9baaaa@36F7@  denote unit vectors  Let σ 11 = σ 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeo8aZnaaBaaaleaacaaIXaGaaGymaa qabaGccqGH9aqpcqaHdpWCdaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaaaaa@37A6@  denote the (uniform) stress behind the propagating pressure wave in both solids just after impact, and σ 12 = τ 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeo8aZnaaBaaaleaacaaIXaGaaGOmaa qabaGccqGH9aqpcqaHepaDdaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaaaaa@37A9@  denote the shear stress behind the shear wave-front.  Similarly, let Δ v 1 f ,Δ v 2 f MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabfs5aejaadAhadaqhaaWcbaGaaGymaa qaaiaadAgaaaGccaGGSaGaeuiLdqKaamODamaaDaaaleaacaaIYaaa baGaamOzaaaaaaa@39AB@  denote the change in longitudinal and transverse velocity in the flier across the pressure and shear wave fronts, and let Δ v 1 t ,Δ v 2 t MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabfs5aejaadAhadaqhaaWcbaGaaGymaa qaaiaadshaaaGccaGGSaGaeuiLdqKaamODamaaDaaaleaacaaIYaaa baGaamiDaaaaaaa@39C7@  denote the corresponding velocity changes in the target plate.  Assume that the interface does not slip after impact, so that both velocity and stress must be equal in both flier and target plate at the interface just after impact.  Find expressions for σ 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeo8aZnaaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaaaa a@3331@ , τ 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabes8a0naaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaaaa a@3333@ , Δ v 1 f ,Δ v 2 f MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabfs5aejaadAhadaqhaaWcbaGaaGymaa qaaiaadAgaaaGccaGGSaGaeuiLdqKaamODamaaDaaaleaacaaIYaaa baGaamOzaaaaaaa@39AB@ , Δ v 1 t ,Δ v 2 t MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabfs5aejaadAhadaqhaaWcbaGaaGymaa qaaiaadshaaaGccaGGSaGaeuiLdqKaamODamaaDaaaleaacaaIYaaa baGaamiDaaaaaaa@39C7@  in terms of v 0 ,θ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadAhadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaGcca GGSaGaeqiUdehaaa@34D9@  and relevant material properties.

 

 

 

4.4.12.  Draw the full (x,t) diagram for the pressure-shear configuration described in problem 11.  Assume that the interface remains perfectly bonded until it separates under the application of a tensile stress.  Note that you will have to show (x,t) diagrams associated with both shear and pressure waves.

 

 

 

4.4.13.  Consider an isotropic, linear elastic solid with Young’s modulus E, Poisson’s ratio ν MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=vi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabe27aUbaa@3220@ , density ρ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeg8aYbaa@3248@  and shear wave speed c S MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=vi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaam4uaaqabaaaaa@3254@ . Suppose that a plane, constant stress shear wave propagates through the solid, which is initially at rest. The wave propagates in a direction p=cosθ e 1 +sinθ e 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaahchacqGH9aqpciGGJbGaai4Baiaaco hacqaH4oqCcaWHLbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaci4C aiaacMgacaGGUbGaeqiUdeNaaCyzamaaBaaaleaacaaIYaaabeaaaa a@4035@ , and the material has particle velocity v=V e 3 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaahAhacqGH9aqpcaWGwbGaaCyzamaaBa aaleaacaaIZaaabeaaaaa@353F@  behind the wave-front.

4.4.13.1.        Calculate the components of stress in the solid behind the wave front.

4.4.13.2.        Suppose that the wave front is incident on a flat, stress free surface.  Take the origin for the coodinate system at some arbitrary time t at the point where the propagating wave front just intersects the surface, as shown in the picture.   Write down the velocity of this intersection point (relative to a stationary observer) in terms of V and θ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeI7aXbaa@323E@ .

4.4.13.3.        The surface must be free of traction both ahead and behind the wave front.  Show that the boundary condition can be satisfied by superposing a second constant stress wave front, which intersects the free surface at the origin of the coodinate system defined in 13.2, and propagates in a direction p=cosθ e 1 sinθ e 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaahchacqGH9aqpciGGJbGaai4Baiaaco hacqaH4oqCcaWHLbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdaaeqaaOGaeyOeI0Iaci4C aiaacMgacaGGUbGaeqiUdeNaaCyzamaaBaaaleaacaaIYaaabeaaaa a@4040@ .  Hence, write down the stress and particle velocity in each of the three sectors A, B, C shown in the figure.  Draw the displacement of the free surface of the half-space.

 

 

 

4.4.14.  Suppose that a plane, constant stress pressure wave propagates through an isotropic, linear elastic solid that is initially at rest. The wave propagates in a direction p=cosθ e 1 +sinθ e 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaahchacqGH9aqpciGGJbGaai4Baiaaco hacqaH4oqCcaWHLbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaci4C aiaacMgacaGGUbGaeqiUdeNaaCyzamaaBaaaleaacaaIYaaabeaaaa a@4035@ , and the material has particle velocity v=Vp MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaahAhacqGH9aqpcaWGwbGaaCiCaaaa@3461@  behind the wave-front.

4.4.14.1.        Calculate the components of stress in the solid behind the wave front.

4.4.14.2.        Suppose that the wave front is incident on a flat, stress free surface.  Take the origin for the coodinate system at some arbitrary time t at the point where the propagating wave front just intersects the surface, as shown in the picture.   Write down the velocity of this intersection point (relative to a stationary observer) in terms of V and θ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeI7aXbaa@323E@ .

4.4.14.3.        The pressure wave is reflected as two waves MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiFKI8=feu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFf ea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr 0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaGqaaKqzGfaeaa aaaaaaa8qacaWFtacaaa@37E6@  a reflected pressure wave, which propagates in direction p=cosθ e 1 sinθ e 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaahchacqGH9aqpciGGJbGaai4Baiaaco hacqaH4oqCcaWHLbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdaaeqaaOGaeyOeI0Iaci4C aiaacMgacaGGUbGaeqiUdeNaaCyzamaaBaaaleaacaaIYaaabeaaaa a@4040@  and has particle velocity v p p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadAhadaWgaaWcbaGaamiCaaqabaGcca WHWbaaaa@33A7@  and a reflected shear wave, which propagates in direction p=cos θ 1 e 1 sin θ 1 e 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaahchacqGH9aqpciGGJbGaai4Baiaaco hacqaH4oqCdaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccaWHLbWaaSbaaSqaaiaa igdaaeqaaOGaeyOeI0Iaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbGaeqiUde3aaSbaaS qaaiaaigdaaeqaaOGaaCyzamaaBaaaleaacaaIYaaabeaaaaa@4222@  and has particle velocity v s ( sin θ 1 e 1 +cos θ 1 e 2 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadAhadaWgaaWcbaGaam4CaaqabaGcda qadaqaaiGacohacaGGPbGaaiOBaiabeI7aXnaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaa beaakmaaBaaaleaacaaMi8oabeaakiaahwgadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaa qabaGccqGHRaWkciGGJbGaai4BaiaacohacqaH4oqCdaWgaaWcbaGa aGymaaqabaGccaWHLbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaikdaaeqaaaGccaGLOaGaay zkaaaaaa@459B@ .  Use the condition that the incident wave and the two reflected waves must always intersect at the same point on the surface to write down an equation for θ 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeI7aXnaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaaaa a@3325@  in terms of θ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeI7aXbaa@323E@  and Poisson’s ratio.

4.4.14.4.        The surface must be free of traction. Find equations for v p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadAhadaWgaaWcbaGaamiCaaqabaaaaa@32A4@  and v s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiaadAhadaWgaaWcbaGaam4Caaqabaaaaa@32A7@  in terms of V, θ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeI7aXbaa@323E@ , θ 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8rkY=xi pgYlH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFH e9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaa caqabeaacmqaamaaaOqaaiabeI7aXnaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaaaa a@3325@  and Poisson’s ratio.

4.4.14.5.        Find the special angles for which the incident wave is reflected only as a shear wave (this is called “mode conversion”)